But when we find very great revolu-
tions of opinion, at the same time very sudden,
and exquisitely well-timed in relation to private
interest ; — when we find these changes, let them
be what they may, always, like those of the helio-
trope, towards the sun ; — when we find a man
utterly uncharitable even to his own previous
errors, and maligning and abusing all who still
retain them, it is impossible to doubt the motives
which have animated him.
tions of opinion, at the same time very sudden,
and exquisitely well-timed in relation to private
interest ; — when we find these changes, let them
be what they may, always, like those of the helio-
trope, towards the sun ; — when we find a man
utterly uncharitable even to his own previous
errors, and maligning and abusing all who still
retain them, it is impossible to doubt the motives
which have animated him.
Marvell - Poems
;
and perhaps Bishop Parker may be considered
the most perfect specimen of them. His father
was one of Oliver Cromwell's roost obsequious
committee-men ; his son, who was born in 1 640,
was brought up in the principles of the Puritans,
and was sent to Oxford in 1659. He was just
twenty at the Restoration, and immediately com-
menced and soon completed his transformation
into one of the most arrogant and time-serving of
high churchmen.
Some few propositions, for which he came
earnestly to contend as for the failh once de-
livered to the saints, may give an idea of the
principles and the temper of this worthy suc-
cessor of the Apostles. He affirms, " That unless
princes have power to bind their subjects to
that religion they apprehend most advantageous to
public peace and tranquillity, and restrain those
religious mistakes that tend to its subversion, they
are no better than statues and images of author-
ity : That in cases and disputes of public con-
cernment, private men are not properly sui juris ;
they have no power over their own actions ; they
are not to be directed by their own judgments, or
Digitized by VjOOQIC
NOTICE OF THE AUTHOR. XXVll
determined by their own wills, but bj the com*
mands and the determinations of the public con-
science ; and that if there he any sin in the com'
mandy he that imposed it shall answer for ity and
not I, whose whole dtUy it is to obey. The com-
mands of authority vyill warrant my obedience ; my
obedience wiU hallow^ or at least excuse my action^
and so secure me from sin, if not from error; and
in all doubtful and disputable cases 'tis better to
err with authority, than to be in the right against
it : That it is absolutely necessary to the peace
and happiness of kingdoms, that there be set up a
more severe government over men's consciences
and religious persuasions than over their vices
and immoralities ; and that princes may with less
hazard give liberty to men's vices and debauchee
ries than their consciences," *
He must have a very narrow mind or unchari-
table heart, who cannot give poor human nature
credit for the sincere adoption of the most oppo-
site opinions. Still there are limits to this exer-
cise of charity ; there may be such a concurrence
of suspicious symptoms, that our charity can be
exercised only at the expense of common sense.
We can easily conceive, under ordinary circum-
stances. Dissenters becoming Churchmen, and
Churchmen becoming Dissenters ; Tories and
Whigs changing sides ; Protestants and Koman-
* The Reheaital Transproudj vol. i. pp. 97, 98, 99, 100, 101.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
XXVm NOTICE OF THE AUTHOR.
ists, like those two brothers mentioned in Locke's
second ''Letters on Toleration/'* so expert in
logic as to convert one another, and then, unhap-
pily, not expert enough to convert one another
back again — and all without any suspicion of in-
sincerity.
But when we find very great revolu-
tions of opinion, at the same time very sudden,
and exquisitely well-timed in relation to private
interest ; — when we find these changes, let them
be what they may, always, like those of the helio-
trope, towards the sun ; — when we find a man
utterly uncharitable even to his own previous
errors, and maligning and abusing all who still
retain them, it is impossible to doubt the motives
which have animated him. On this subject. Mar-
veil himself well observes — " Though a man be
obliged to change a hundred times backward and
forward, if his judgment be so weak and variable,
yet there are some drudgeries that no man of
honour would put himself upon, and but few sub-
mit to if they were imposed; as, suppose one
had thought fit to pass over from one persuasion
of the Christian religion into another, he would
not choose to spit thrice at every article that he
relinquished, to curse solemnly his father and
mother for having educated him in those opinions,
to animate his new acquaintances to the mas-
sacring of his former comrades. These are busi-
* Locke's Works, vol. v. p. 79.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
NOTICE OF THE AUTHOR. XXlX
nesses that can only be expected from a renegade
of Algiers and Tunis — to overdo in expiation,
and gain better credence of being a sincere Mus-
sulman. '**
Marvell gives an amusing account of the pro-
gress of Parker's conversion— of the transforma-
tion by which the maggot became a carrion-fly.
In the second part of the Rehearsal^ after a humor-
ous description of his parentage and youtli, he
tells us that at the Restoration ^' he came to Lon-
don, where he spent a considerable time in creep-
ing into all corners and companies, horoscoping
up and down ** (" astrologizing " as he elsewhere
expresses it) " concerning the duration of the
government ; — not considering any thing as hest^
but as most lasting^ and most profitable. And
after having many times cast a figure, he at last
satisfied himself that the Episcopal government
would endure as long as this king lived, and from
thenceforward cast about how to be admitted into
the Church of England, and find the highway to
her preferments. In order to this, he daily en-
larged not only his conversation but his con-
science, and was made free of some of the town
vices : imagining, like Muleasses, King of Tunis,
(for I take witness that on all occasions I treat
him rather above his quality than otherwise,)
that, by hiding himself among the onions, he
♦ RehearBol TVantprotedf vol. i. pp. 91, 92.
and perhaps Bishop Parker may be considered
the most perfect specimen of them. His father
was one of Oliver Cromwell's roost obsequious
committee-men ; his son, who was born in 1 640,
was brought up in the principles of the Puritans,
and was sent to Oxford in 1659. He was just
twenty at the Restoration, and immediately com-
menced and soon completed his transformation
into one of the most arrogant and time-serving of
high churchmen.
Some few propositions, for which he came
earnestly to contend as for the failh once de-
livered to the saints, may give an idea of the
principles and the temper of this worthy suc-
cessor of the Apostles. He affirms, " That unless
princes have power to bind their subjects to
that religion they apprehend most advantageous to
public peace and tranquillity, and restrain those
religious mistakes that tend to its subversion, they
are no better than statues and images of author-
ity : That in cases and disputes of public con-
cernment, private men are not properly sui juris ;
they have no power over their own actions ; they
are not to be directed by their own judgments, or
Digitized by VjOOQIC
NOTICE OF THE AUTHOR. XXVll
determined by their own wills, but bj the com*
mands and the determinations of the public con-
science ; and that if there he any sin in the com'
mandy he that imposed it shall answer for ity and
not I, whose whole dtUy it is to obey. The com-
mands of authority vyill warrant my obedience ; my
obedience wiU hallow^ or at least excuse my action^
and so secure me from sin, if not from error; and
in all doubtful and disputable cases 'tis better to
err with authority, than to be in the right against
it : That it is absolutely necessary to the peace
and happiness of kingdoms, that there be set up a
more severe government over men's consciences
and religious persuasions than over their vices
and immoralities ; and that princes may with less
hazard give liberty to men's vices and debauchee
ries than their consciences," *
He must have a very narrow mind or unchari-
table heart, who cannot give poor human nature
credit for the sincere adoption of the most oppo-
site opinions. Still there are limits to this exer-
cise of charity ; there may be such a concurrence
of suspicious symptoms, that our charity can be
exercised only at the expense of common sense.
We can easily conceive, under ordinary circum-
stances. Dissenters becoming Churchmen, and
Churchmen becoming Dissenters ; Tories and
Whigs changing sides ; Protestants and Koman-
* The Reheaital Transproudj vol. i. pp. 97, 98, 99, 100, 101.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
XXVm NOTICE OF THE AUTHOR.
ists, like those two brothers mentioned in Locke's
second ''Letters on Toleration/'* so expert in
logic as to convert one another, and then, unhap-
pily, not expert enough to convert one another
back again — and all without any suspicion of in-
sincerity.
But when we find very great revolu-
tions of opinion, at the same time very sudden,
and exquisitely well-timed in relation to private
interest ; — when we find these changes, let them
be what they may, always, like those of the helio-
trope, towards the sun ; — when we find a man
utterly uncharitable even to his own previous
errors, and maligning and abusing all who still
retain them, it is impossible to doubt the motives
which have animated him. On this subject. Mar-
veil himself well observes — " Though a man be
obliged to change a hundred times backward and
forward, if his judgment be so weak and variable,
yet there are some drudgeries that no man of
honour would put himself upon, and but few sub-
mit to if they were imposed; as, suppose one
had thought fit to pass over from one persuasion
of the Christian religion into another, he would
not choose to spit thrice at every article that he
relinquished, to curse solemnly his father and
mother for having educated him in those opinions,
to animate his new acquaintances to the mas-
sacring of his former comrades. These are busi-
* Locke's Works, vol. v. p. 79.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
NOTICE OF THE AUTHOR. XXlX
nesses that can only be expected from a renegade
of Algiers and Tunis — to overdo in expiation,
and gain better credence of being a sincere Mus-
sulman. '**
Marvell gives an amusing account of the pro-
gress of Parker's conversion— of the transforma-
tion by which the maggot became a carrion-fly.
In the second part of the Rehearsal^ after a humor-
ous description of his parentage and youtli, he
tells us that at the Restoration ^' he came to Lon-
don, where he spent a considerable time in creep-
ing into all corners and companies, horoscoping
up and down ** (" astrologizing " as he elsewhere
expresses it) " concerning the duration of the
government ; — not considering any thing as hest^
but as most lasting^ and most profitable. And
after having many times cast a figure, he at last
satisfied himself that the Episcopal government
would endure as long as this king lived, and from
thenceforward cast about how to be admitted into
the Church of England, and find the highway to
her preferments. In order to this, he daily en-
larged not only his conversation but his con-
science, and was made free of some of the town
vices : imagining, like Muleasses, King of Tunis,
(for I take witness that on all occasions I treat
him rather above his quality than otherwise,)
that, by hiding himself among the onions, he
♦ RehearBol TVantprotedf vol. i. pp. 91, 92.
